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Standards Development
In recent years the effects of geomagnetic storms mainly dealing with the high voltage power grids have been of concern. The blackout of the Quebec Province power grid during the March 13, 1989 geomagnetic storm raised concerns that future solar storms could have even worse consequences. In addition, in 2019 CIGRE produced a Technical Brochure (TB 780), which reviewed all of the measurements of geomagnetic storms since 1989 and has developed a detailed database of significant storms and has highlighted the different types of storms (Sudden Impulses, Electrojet Storms, and Coronal Hole High Speed Stream Storms).
This standard will provide information regarding expected geomagnetic disturbances (GMD) that may occur in the future and will provide methods to evaluate the risk to transmission power system operators if such a storm should occur.
Specific tasks should include:
a. Develop analytic B-field time waveforms based on ground-based measured data over the past 30 years for each of the 3 main types of GMDs. The goal is to develop generic waveshapes with some information on the variability of the peak values and rise times, which helps to establish the dB/dt, which is the most important parameter for generating peak electric fields in the Earth and in computing the current flow in power transformers.
b. Provide a simple procedure to compute the electric fields from each of the magnetic field waveforms for a set of ground conductivity profiles that exist throughout the world.
c. Provide a simple method to compute the induced currents (geomagnetically induced currents – GICs) using typical parameters found in power grids and other long conductors.
d. Describe examples of effects that have occurred due to geomagnetic storms (in an annex).
e. Develop an annex that describes how to measure both the B-fields and the GICs based on actual applications.
Geomagnetic storms are created by the Sun and occasionally expose the Earth to high energy charged particles that create pulses of current that will flow through high voltage power lines and power transformers. These pulses are very slow, rising in times typically longer than 1 second. As such these pulses appear as quasi-dc as compared to the normal frequency of the power system, and therefore can create saturation in large transformers leading to possible voltage collapse of the power network. As described in CIGRE TB 780, these types of storms have caused regional power system failures in the recent past (Quebec in 1989). Due to the work completed by CIGRE in 2019, there is enough information to describe standard waveforms for the types of disturbances that can occur, and also how to evaluate the risks to particular power systems throughout the world. This standard will provide power system companies the methods to evaluate their risk and to determine whether protection should be considered. The means of protection are consistent with typical electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) methods, and thus as a proposed horizontal basic standard, the work will be performed in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
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