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This document specifies the principle, reagents and materials, instruments and equipment, sample preparation, procedures, expression of results, and precision for the rapid simultaneous determination of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in cereals. This method is applicable to the determination of lead and cadmium contents in rice, brown rice, wheat, maize and pulses.
Cadmium and lead are considered as two of the most hazardous elements that can easily accumulate into the water, soil, food and human body. The excess level of Cd and Pb in food can bring several serious diseases to human through food chain and environment, including kidney damage, central nervous system disease, or even cancer. Exposure to Cd and Pb is mainly via intake in the world. Rice, wheat and maize, as the most common staples, are consumed in large quantities every day by human. So, the World’s Health Organization (WHO) has stated that the maximum permissible level of Cd and Pb in grain. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) has published standard (AOAC 982.23) for simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in food in 1988. The standard relies on anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) with traditional mercury electrodes, which require regular polishing and maintenance, and the pre-treatment adopts the method of dry ashing, needing long time, auxiliary equipment for heating. We propose a novel ASV method with two key innovations of pretreatment and electrodes. ISO 23637 (Cereals — Determination of cadmium content by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with diluted nitric acid extraction) adopts a dilute acid extraction method, which improves efficiency in the pre-treatment for determination of Cd in cereals. And as standards in the grain industry, LS/T 6136-2019 (Inspection of grain and oils – Determination of manganese, copper, zinc, rubidium, strontium, cadmium, lead in rice-Rapid extraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), LS/T 6134-2018 (Inspection of grain and oils – Determination of cadmium in cereals – Diluted acid extraction coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer) and LS/T 6135-2018 (Inspection of grain and oils – Determination of lead in cereals – Diluted acid extraction coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer) have been widely applied. The innovation of disposable screen-printed electrodes, reducing maintenance and improving inter-batch consistency, and the technology and products based on screen printing electrodes have been applied by thousands of testing institutions and grain storage and production enterprises This proposal specifies a rapid simultaneous determination method for Cd and Pb in cereals, and the method is simple to use and doesn’t need digestion for long time, which can determine Cd and Pb content simultaneously in cereals with satisfactory accuracy and precision in 15 minutes. Moreover, this method has formed a grain industry standard (Inspection of grain and oils—Rapid simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium in grain —Anodic stripping voltammetry method) in China. There is no International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard specifically addressing rapid simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in cereals using ASV. This standard fills a current gap by providing a validated, fast, and cost-effective method for simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb and will help to improve the abilities of the heavy metals detection of governments, institutions, and thirdparty laboratories.
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