Standards Development
This document provides technical guidelines for toxicity reduction in industrial wastewater treatment and reclamation processes. Wherein, types of Industrial wastewater mainly include petrochemical, steel and iron, metals, paper, textile, food, and pharmaceutical wastewater. Emphasis is placed on the reduction of health and environmental risks associated with potential hazards present in reclaimed water intended for industrial miscellaneous use, involving in toilet flushing use, landscape use, street sweeping use, and fire protection use in industrial parks.
This document contains information on toxicity reduction evaluation, monitoring for toxicity, and treatment and reclamation processes for toxicity reduction. In addition, examples for the selection of treatment and reclamation processes of industrial wastewater as specific types of industrial miscellaneous use are listed.
Water is a strategic resource for sustainable development of society. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the global distribution of available freshwater resources has resulted in insufficient water supplies in many regions to meet the demands of domestic economic development and environmental protection. Concurrently, industrial revolution and rapid urbanization have produced huge quantities of wastewater all over the world, which further exacerbate water risks regarding water quality and quantity. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2024 mentioned that freshwater use has been growing by about 1% per year, and one quarter of the world’s population face the extremely-high level of water stress, using over 80% of their annual renewable freshwater supply. Wherein, industrial uses (about 20%) are one of the main drivers of increasing water demands. Furthermore, as economics industrialize and population urbanize, industrial water consumption has surged, intensifying competition for limited water resources. To address these water risks, the reuse of industrial wastewater has been a suitable economic means for global water conservation and water sustainable development.
Industrial wastewater is water discharged from industrial facilities as a direct or indirect consequence of manufacturing, processing, refining, or pollution control activities. It is classified by types of industries and contaminants, mainly including petrochemical, steel and iron, metals, paper, textile, food, and pharmaceutical wastewater. Industrial miscellaneous use refers to treated industrial wastewater achieving the quality of the treated effluent mainly for toilet flushing use, landscape use, street sweeping use, or fire protection use in industrial parks. Complex compositions containing toxic and hazardous substances were found in industrial wastewater, such as, pharmaceuticals, organics, heavy metals, and bacteria. When these hazards entering into the natural aquatic environment through industrial miscellaneous use, pose potential environmental and health risks. This may lead to deterioration of water quality as well as reduction in available water resources. Given the varying effectiveness of treatment and reclamation processes in treating specific contaminants, the treatment and reclamation processes for industrial wastewater shall be determined.
The growing complexity of industrial wastewater compositions present challenges to ensuring the reclaimed water safety and reliability. Without effective treatment, hazards (e.g., pathogenic microorganisms and metals) in industrial wastewater or reclaimed water will cause water-quality risks, thus adversely affecting the aquatic ecosystem and public health. Therefore, in recent years, guidelines or standards on toxicity reduction of reclaimed water regarding hazards like pathogens, have been established in many countries, such as, water reuse guidelines in US, China, Australia, Japan, and Singapore as well as ISO standards. However, there is still a lack of a technical standardized references for the treatment and reclamation processes for toxicity reduction of industrial wastewater to guide the selection of appropriate treatment processes for safe miscellaneous use in industrial parks. This document provides technical solutions for toxicity reduction in industrial wastewater treatment and water reclamation processes, aiming to facilitate safe water reuse across industrial miscellaneous use. With a focus on mitigating health and environmental risks posed by hazardous substances (e.g.,pathogenic microorganisms) in reclaimed water, it establishes a comprehensive framework that encompasses toxicity reduction evaluation, monitoring for toxicity, and recommended treatment and reclamation processes for toxicity reduction of industrial wastewater. This document serves as a critical reference for industrial wastewater treatment and reclamation to ensure regulatory compliance and effective toxicity control. Additionally, it supports sustainable development objectives by optimizing water reuse efficiency and reducing freshwater consumption, thereby promoting standardized practices and quality enhancement in economic and industrial development.
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