Standards Development

Scope

This proposal is applicable to sodium-ion batteries with a nominal voltage of 12 V, used in passenger cars, commercial and industrial vehicles as a power and energy storage with one or more functions such as:

1) starting an internal combustion engine (ICE)

2) in vehicles with start-stop (or stop-start, idling-stop or idle-stop-and-go) system, supply the electric 12V system of the vehicle while the engine is automatically switched off and alternator is not operated, and re- start the engine

3) in vehicles with 12V regenerative (or recuperative) braking function, absorb maximum alternator power while the ICE powertrain deems to prioritize 12V electric generation, and contribute to support electric loads in other periods of a trip (saving fuel and reducing CO2 emissions then)

4) stabilize the 12V system voltage by absorbing or delivering peak power in conditions of rapid change in load demand, 12V generation, or system malfunctions

5) supply energy to 12V electrical loads (including safety relevant loads or autonomous driving features) in situations when the primary 12V electric source is not active (examples: parking, vehicle activation, after-run, failure of DC-DC) or not matching electric consumption (example: alternator fully utilized)

Functions 1) - 3) are restricted to vehicles with internal combustion engine, whereas functions 4) and 5) apply to vehicles with all levels of high-volt or 48V powertrain electrification as well.

This proposal does not apply to batteries that provide propulsion for electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).

 This document specifies the:

• general requirements

• terms, definitions, symbols, parameter measurement tolerances, marking and designation requirements

• Test methods and requirements for: capacity, discharge performances at low-temperature, charge performances at low-temperature, charge retention, endurance and other electrical performances

• This document doesn’t provide safety requirements

• This document doesn’t provide requirements for BMS (battery management system) and communication protocols

Purpose

As a chemical power supply system, sodium-ion batteries show great potential in the application of vehicle low- voltage 12V batteries: technical indicators such as charge and discharge efficiency, temperature usage range and operational safety are the key factors, and sodium-ion battery technology has been continuously improved in its energy density, charge and discharge performance, reliability at low and high temperatures and has gradually become a valid technical alternative for 12V applications already featuring lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries. From the perspective of environmental protection needs, sodium-ion batteries are lead-free and cobalt-free. Materials can be recycled, reducing heavy metals pollution in line with the global green development trend.

For traditional lead-acid automotive batteries, industry standards have been progressively established as powertrain technologies evolved: IEC 60095-1 for vehicles with conventional ICE powertrains (functions 1 and 5), IEC 60095-6 for ICE vehicles with the micro-hybrid functions 2) and 3), IEC 60095-8 for auxiliary and backup batteries in vehicles with electric, hybrid and conventional ICE powertrains (functions 4 and 5).

Since all technologies are now available and widely used in vehicles on the market now, it is reasonable to consider all the functionalities requirements in a single and comprehensive international standard, while keeping it open to further test methods and requirements according to the technology’s evolution. The proposal of an international standard for 12V sodium-ion rechargeable batteries will not only contribute to the low-carbon development of the automotive industry but also promote the standardization of the Sodium-ion global supply chain, lead to more standard designs for each application, accelerate mass production and reduce costs. Sodium resources are abundant in the world, and they are not limited by the geography of lithium resources, reducing the dependence on lithium resources, and sodium-ion battery will become the best choice.